Can you help me with this European History question?

Of all the great medieval and modern civilizations, only Europe experienced long-term political fragmentation and religious unity. China was strongly centralized politically for most of its history but had religious syncretism, meaning more than one religious or philosophical systems (Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism). India was politically fragmented for the most part and religiously syncretic (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism). The Islamic world had a single religion and was politically fragmented but lacked a central religious authority; moreover, each Islamic polity typically involved a strong identification of religious and political authorities. How did the papal revolution, which pitted religious and secular authorities against each other in medieval Europe may have contributed to Europe's advancement. Pay particular attention to movements for reform in the (especially Western) Christian church.